References to the model of the indoeuropean similarities

Ann. Hum. Genet. (2001), 65, 43±62Printed in Great Britain

The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins ofmodern human populations

P. A. UNDERHILL, G. PASSARINO",&, A. A. LIN", P. SHEN, M. MIRAZO!N LAHR
,R. A. FOLEY$, P. J. OEFNER and L. L. CAVALLI-SFORZA

The M89/M213 Group VI and M9 related GroupsVII±XThe third large sub-cluster of M168 lineagesis characterized by the M89/M213 mutationsat the root of Groups VI±X. As discussed above,this sub-cluster is suggested to have evolvedin East Africa, from where it dispersed to Eurasia through the Levantine corridor around 45000 years ago.

We suggest that a population carrying theM89/M213 mutations dispersed from Africa tothe Middle East, from where it originallyexpanded west, north and east around 40000years ago

A probable western expansion of M89/M213Levantine populations would have taken GroupVI ht 69 lineages to Europe as the earliest UpperPalaeolithic occupation of the area. However itsappearance in Europe is very low (0.2 %),indicating that few of these lineages have survived to the present, possibly having been replaced in Europe by related M170 lineages
Five major demographic events characterizethe subsequent Y chromosome genetic history ofEurasian populations. Chronologically, the (r)rstof these relates to the expansion and differentiationof the northern Asian M89}M213}M9}M45}M74 lineages. Part of this population,characterized by the M173}M207 mutations(Group IX), expands westwards around 30000years ago (Fig. 3e), reaching Europe, theCaucasus, the Middle East, Central Asia andnorthern India-Pakistan. This population expansionaround 30000 years ago gives rise to theUpper Palaeolithic Aurignacian, or Gravettian,or both (Semino et al. 2000).